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In two-player sequential games, a ply refers to one turn taken by one of the players. The word is used to clarify what is meant when one might otherwise say "turn".

"Turn" is problematic since it means different things in different traditions. For example, in standard chess terminology, one move consists of a turn by each player; therefore a ply in chess is a half-move. Thus, after 20 moves in a chess game, 40 plies have been completed—20 by white and 20 by black. In the game of Go, by contrast, a ply is the normal unit of counting moves; so for example to say that a game is 250 moves long is to imply 250 plies.

The word "ply" used as a synonym for "layer" goes back to the 15th century. Arthur Samuel used the term in its game-theoretic sense in his seminal paper on machine learning in checkers in 1959.

In computing, the concept of ply is important because one ply corresponds to one level of the game tree. The Deep Blue chess computer which defeated Kasparov in 1997 would typically search to a depth of between six and sixteen plies to a maximum of forty plies in some situations.

From Wikipedia under the GNU Free Documentation License
Sun Apr 29 19:44:48 2012

Noun

ply (plural plies)

  1. A layer of material. (two-ply toilet paper)
  2. A strand that, twisted together with other strands, makes up yarn or rope.
  3. (colloquial) Plywood.
  4. (artificial intelligence, game theory) In two-player sequential games, a "half-turn", or one move made by one of the players.
    He proposed to build 'Deep Purple' a super-computer capable of 24-ply look-ahead for chess.
  5. (now chiefly Scotland) State, condition.
    • 1749, John Cleland, Memoirs of a Woman of Pleasure, Penguin 1985, p. 66:
      You may be sure, in the ply I was now taking, I had no objection to the proposal, and was rather a-tiptoe for its accomplishment.
Etymology 2

From Middle English plien (“bend, fold, mold”), from Middle French plier (“bend, fold”), see Etymololgy 1.

From Wiktionary under the GNU Free Documentation License
Wed Apr 18 02:32:38 2012


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Analysis of GFRC in Ansys APDL Engineering Programs
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Analysis of GFRC in Ansys APDL Engineering Programs

Faisal, enggprog.com
2012-04-27 03:18:07

Wt=2*sqrt(Ll**2-(D-Tt-Tb)**2) theta=abs(atan((D-Tt-Tb)/(0.5*Wt))) W=(n*Wt)+(2*Tt)+(2*(n-1)*Tl/sin(theta)) ! flat base isoceles triangle hole p1x=0.5*Lc/sin(theta/2) p1y =0 p2x=2*(D-Tt-Tb)/tan(theta)-Lc/2/sin(theta/2) p2y=0 ...

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float [] p1x = new float[0]; // hold the mouse pressed marks float [] p1y = new float[0]; float [] p1z = new float[0]; float [] p2x = new float[0]; // hold the mouse pressed marks float [] p2y = new float[0]; float [] p2z = new float[0]; ...

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See also:
  • Game Theory in Movies & on TelevisionGame Theory in Movies & on Television
    gametheory.net
    Provides a description of game theory themes in popular movies and television shows.
  • European Voting GamesEuropean Voting Games
    esi2.us.es
    Resources for the applications of game theory to the European Eunion's decision-making processes.
  • Theory of Honest SignallingTheory of Honest Signalling
    octavia.zoology.washington.edu
    An on-line tutorial on signalling theory and the handicap principle, as it is used in biology, economics, anthropology, and other disciplines.

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